Analisis kuantitatif sisa kimia pertanian dalam makanan oleh GC-MS/MS - Analisis kuantitatif racun perosak dalam ekstrak lobak merah - [Aplikasi GC-TQMS]
MSTips No.260
Memandangkan "keselamatan makanan" diiktiraf sebagai isu yang semakin penting pada skala global, banyak negara mempunyai peraturan mereka sendiri mengenai sisa bahan kimia pertanian dalam makanan. Di Jepun, sistem senarai positif, yang dikuatkuasakan pada akhir Mei 2006, menetapkan standard seragam 10 ppb sebagai kuantiti yang dianggap selamat untuk kesihatan manusia. Di bawah sistem senarai positif, lebih banyak bahan kimia pertanian perlu diperiksa, dan akibatnya, teknik yang mampu menganalisis secara tepat dan kolektif bahan kimia pertanian dalam makanan semakin meningkat. Walaupun spektrometri jisim (MS) terkenal dengan kepekaan pengesanan yang tinggi, MS/MS menjadi aliran utama analisis racun perosak untuk kepekaan dan selektiviti yang unggul.
JMS-TQ4000GC, GC-MS/MS terbaharu JEOL, mempunyai mekanisme penyimpanan/pelepasan ion unik dalam sel perlanggaran MS/MS dan menggabungkan perisian tegar baharu untuk menyokong analisis MS/MS dengan sehingga 36,000 peralihan. Dalam kerja ini, kami melakukan analisis kuantitatif sisa bahan kimia pertanian dalam ekstrak lobak merah menggunakan JMS-TQ4000GC.
Mengukur Keadaan
Larutan piawai racun perosak daripada FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (siri PL) digunakan yang mengandungi jumlah PL 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11 dan 12 yang sama. Selepas itu, larutan dicairkan kepada 1, 5 , 10, 50 dan 100 ppb. PEG 300 digunakan untuk melindungi racun perosak daripada penguraian terma dalam pelapik suntikan GC.
Untuk sampel, 15 g lobak merah diproses dengan menggunakan kaedah pengekstrakan AOAC 2007.01, dan larutan pengekstrakan yang terhasil dicampur dengan 100 ppb larutan piawai pada 9:1. Sampel telah dianalisis secara kuantitatif untuk 150 racun perosak. Jadual 1 menunjukkan keadaan ukuran yang digunakan untuk analisis.
GC-MS/MS, JMS-TQ4000GC
Jadual1 Mengukur Keadaan
[syarat GC-TQMS]
sistem | JMS-TQ4000GC (JEOL) |
Mod pengionan | EI+: 70eV, 50µA |
Lajur GC | VF-5ms, 30m × 0.25mm, 0.25µm |
Suhu ketuhar. | 50°C (1min) → 25°C/min → 125°C → 10°C/min → 300°C |
Suhu masuk | 250 ° C |
Mod masuk | Tidak terbelah, 2µL |
Dia mengalir | 1.0mL/min (Aliran Malar) |
Mod MS/MS | SRM Tanggungan Puncak |
Hasil
Rajah 1 baris atas menunjukkan data yang diperoleh daripada ekstrak lobak merah asal manakala baris bawah menunjukkan data daripada larutan perahan lobak merah dengan racun perosak yang ditambah. MS/MS, dengan selektiviti jisim yang tinggi, mengesan bahan kimia pertanian tanpa terjejas oleh bahan cemar dalam ekstrak lobak merah. Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan kuantitatif 150 racun perosak (n=5) dan kebolehulangannya (CV). Bagi kebanyakan bahan kimia pertanian, kadar pemulihan adalah 70 hingga 120% dan CV adalah 10% atau kurang, menunjukkan keberkesanan JMS-TQ4000GC untuk analisis racun perosak.
Rajah 1. Kromatogram SRM
Baris atas: Penyelesaian ekstrak lobak merah sahaja; baris bawah: 10 ppb racun perosak dalam larutan ekstrak lobak merah
Jadual 2. Keputusan kuantitatif 150 racun perosak dalam larutan ekstrak lobak merah (n=5)
Tiada. | Kompaun | minit | Nilai kuantitatif (ppb) | Jalan (ppb) | CV(%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No.1 | No.2 | No.3 | No.4 | No.5 | |||||
1 |
Atrazine |
12.37 | 9.1 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 4.5 |
2 |
Benthiocarb |
14.68 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 11.1 | 4.0 |
3 |
cis-Permethrin |
20.68 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 2.5 |
4 | Diflufenican | 18.31 | 9.7 | 8.7 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 9.3 | 9.7 | 7.3 |
5 | Fenamiphos | 16.24 | 8.9 | 8.2 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 5.6 |
6 | Fenarimol | 20.20 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 1.6 |
7 | Fenpropimorph | 14.74 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 10.8 | 11.1 | 3.5 |
8 | Norflurazon | 17.94 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 3.3 |
9 | Oxadiazon | 16.50 | 9.5 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 4.8 |
10 | Penconazole | 15.45 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 10.8 | 1.6 |
11 | Pendimethalin | 15.29 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 13.1 | 11.7 | 6.7 |
12 | Procymidone | 15.70 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 9.1 | 12.1 | 9.7 | 10.5 | 10.7 |
13 | Spiroxamine 1 | 13.78 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 4.3 |
14 | Spiroxamine 2 | 14.31 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 4.0 |
15 | Tefluthrine | 12.92 | 10.6 | 10.1 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 10.5 | 10.7 | 5.4 |
16 | Terbufos | 12.63 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 5.3 |
17 | Terbutryn | 14.31 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.2 | 3.6 |
18 | trans-Permethrin | 20.68 | 11.0 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 11.0 | 11.1 | 2.5 |
19 | Alachlor | 13.84 | 9.1 | 9.0 | 9.9 | 10.1 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 5.2 |
20 | Buprofezin | 16.68 | 12.0 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 8.5 |
21 | cis-Chlorfenvinphos | 15.49 | 8.2 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 5.9 |
22 | Cyproconazole 1 | 17.03 | 9.3 | 10.0 | 10.8 | 9.8 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 9.1 |
23 | Cyproconazole 2 | 17.03 | 11.3 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 11.2 | 9.3 |
24 | Difenoconazole 1 | 23.10 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 10.5 | 0.7 |
25 | Difenoconazole 2 | 23.18 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 0.5 |
26 | Etion | 17.34 | 9.1 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 5.6 |
27 | Fenitrothion | 14.33 | 7.9 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 6.6 | 7.2 | 7.2 |
28 | Fenthion | 14.73 | 9.3 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 8.6 | 7.2 |
29 | Fluridone | 22.18 | 11.2 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 10.1 | 11.2 | 5.5 |
30 | Heksazinon | 18.24 | 8.3 | 8.0 | 9.1 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.6 | 4.8 |
31 | Isofenphos oxon | 14.79 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 9.7 | 5.6 |
32 | Isophenphos | 15.43 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 3.0 |
33 | Isoprothiolane | 16.44 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 4.4 |
34 | Propargit 1 | 18.31 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 8.8 | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.0 | 6.8 |
35 | Propargit 2 | 18.31 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 9.1 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
36 | Propiconazole 1 | 17.93 | 11.5 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 4.5 |
37 | Propiconazole 2 | 18.07 | 11.8 | 11.3 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 3.5 |
38 | Propyzamide | 12.73 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 3.9 |
39 | Pyriproxyfen | 19.72 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 3.8 |
40 | trans-Chlorfenvinphos | 15.25 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 4.3 |
41 | Triadimenol 1 | 15.7 | 10.2 | 7.7 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 8.7 | 9.2 | 11.1 |
42 | Triadimenol 2 | 15.84 | 10.7 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 4.7 |
43 | Triallate | 13.13 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 8.1 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 3.5 |
44 | Vinclozoline | 13.76 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 5.6 |
45 | Acetamiprid | 18.92 | 10.8 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 8.6 |
46 | Allethrin 1 | 15.43 | 12.0 | 9.6 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 8.5 |
47 | Allethrin 2 | 15.51 | 6.4 | 6.6 | 7.3 | 7.5 | 7.3 | 7.0 | 7.1 |
48 | Bitertanol 1 | 20.66 | 12.1 | 12.1 | 12.5 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 1.2 |
49 | Bitertanol 2 | 20.76 | 9.6 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 9.9 | 3.1 |
50 | Bromopropylate | 19.00 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 8.9 | 4.4 |
51 | Klorobenzilat | 17.19 | 7.8 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.7 | 5.5 |
52 | Klorpirifos | 14.63 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 8.6 |
53 | Oxyfluorfen | 16.59 | 11.6 | 11.1 | 9.1 | 9.5 | 11.2 | 10.5 | 10.7 |
54 | Parathion | 14.80 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 7.5 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.0 |
55 | Pirimiphos metil | 14.24 | 9.3 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 3.5 |
56 | Propanil | 13.67 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 9.9 | 5.0 |
57 | Pyridaben | 20.87 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 10.3 | 4.5 |
58 | Quinoxyfen | 18.00 | 11.2 | 10.7 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.0 | 11.2 | 2.8 |
59 | Simazine | 12.29 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 8.7 | 9.5 | 4.9 |
60 | Tebuconazole | 18.38 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 10.9 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 5.9 |
61 | Triadimefon | 14.87 | 10.4 | 12.5 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.0 | 11.3 | 7.0 |
62 | Triazofos | 17.65 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 7.0 | 7.3 | 3.7 |
63 | Ametrin | 14.00 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 1.6 |
64 | Azaconazole | 16.83 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 12.8 | 13.3 | 12.8 | 12.7 | 3.1 |
65 | Bupirimate | 16.66 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 11.1 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.1 | 5.0 |
66 | Butachlor | 16.01 | 9.5 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 1.8 |
67 | Dimetil klortal | 14.73 | 9.0 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 9.0 | 9.6 | 9.1 | 4.6 |
68 | Dicloran | 12.19 | 8.0 | 7.7 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 7.3 |
69 | Diethofencarb | 14.63 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.7 | 2.2 |
70 | Dimepiperate | 15.74 | 12.0 | 12.2 | 13.3 | 11.3 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 6.2 |
71 | Dimethenamid | 13.61 | 10.9 | 10.9 | 11.2 | 11.1 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 1.4 |
72 | Etoksazole | 19.03 | 10.7 | 9.2 | 10.8 | 10.6 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 7.3 |
73 | Fluacrypyrim | 17.38 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 3.7 |
74 | Lenacil | 18.14 | 11.4 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.4 | 0.6 |
75 | Pyriminobac metil 1 | 17.96 | 12.3 | 12.0 | 11.4 | 11.8 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 2.7 |
76 | Pyriminobac metil 2 | 12.88 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 3.5 |
77 | Pyroquilon | 19.53 | 9.6 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 10.9 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 4.8 |
78 | Tetradifon | 13.87 | 7.1 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 8.4 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 8.1 |
79 | Tolclofos-metil | 16.61 | 9.7 | 8.8 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 5.8 |
80 | Uniconazole P | 13.66 | 9.7 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 3.7 |
81 | Acetochlor | 17.83 | 9.5 | 11.7 | 12.1 | 11.9 | 10.3 | 11.1 | 10.3 |
82 | Benalaxyl | 13.57 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 9.3 | 7.3 |
83 | Benfuresate | 11.71 | 10.2 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 4.6 |
84 | Cadusafos | 11.37 | 8.1 | 9.0 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 5.7 |
85 | Klorprofam | 15.61 | 9.2 | 8.7 | 8.9 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 3.1 |
86 | Diclocymet 1 | 15.91 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 10.5 | 10.6 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 3.6 |
87 | Diclocymet 2 | 15.40 | 10.0 | 9.4 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 3.7 |
88 | Dimethametri | 14.49 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 11.5 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 2.0 |
89 | Esprocarb | 21.83 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 3.3 |
90 | Etofenprox | 16.08 | 11.5 | 11.8 | 11.7 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.6 | 1.0 |
91 | Fenothiocarb | 13.27 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.4 | 1.8 |
92 | Iprobenfos | 16.92 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 9.8 | 9.6 | 9.5 | 2.6 |
93 | Isoxathion | 17.61 | 6.9 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.0 | 7.0 | 8.4 |
94 | Mepronil | 14.04 | 10.7 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 10.0 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 2.5 |
95 | Prometri | 10.85 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 3.6 |
96 | Propachlor | 16.41 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 9.1 | 9.9 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 5.4 |
97 | Prothiofos | 15.99 | 8.4 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 7.4 | 8.6 | 8.7 |
98 | Pyrifenox 1 | 12.89 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 9.1 | 10.0 | 6.5 |
99 | Pyrimethanil | 13.94 | 9.6 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 3.9 |
100 | Simetri | 13.06 | 10.8 | 10.0 | 11.3 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 4.9 |
101 | Terbacil | 14.82 | 12.4 | 12.6 | 13.3 | 12.5 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 3.0 |
102 | Tetraconazole | 18.31 | 12.0 | 12.6 | 11.3 | 12.3 | 10.8 | 11.8 | 6.3 |
103 | Thenylchlor | 16.58 | 7.7 | 8.3 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 8.3 | 4.9 |
104 | Tribufos | 16.66 | 8.8 | 8.4 | 8.7 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 8.8 | 2.9 |
105 | Tricyclazole | 15.72 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 9.4 | 9.0 | 8.4 | 8.2 | 12.3 |
106 | Zoxamide (reput) | 13.40 | 10.2 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 3.7 |
107 | Benoxacor | 14.44 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.5 | 7.9 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 4.8 |
108 | Bromacil | 13.70 | 9.3 | 7.3 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 11.4 |
109 | Bromobutide | 16.17 | 11.2 | 15.3 | 14.0 | 12.5 | 12.6 | 13.1 | 11.9 |
110 | Butamifos | 13.56 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.3 | 4.1 |
111 | Diklofention | 15.12 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 10.2 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 2.6 |
112 | Diphenamid | 16.42 | 12.3 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 2.7 |
113 | Hexaconazole | 14.00 | 10.3 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 1.0 |
114 | Mefenoxam | 16.33 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 4.3 |
115 | Napropamide | 17.40 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 3.7 |
116 | Oksadiksil | 16.07 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 1.3 |
117 | Paclobutrazol | 19.31 | 11.5 | 10.7 | 10.9 | 10.6 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 3.5 |
118 | Fenotrin 1 | 19.42 | 11.3 | 12.7 | 12.6 | 11.9 | 12.9 | 12.2 | 5.5 |
119 | Fenotrin 2 | 18.98 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.5 | 2.0 |
120 | Piperophos | 12.94 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 4.9 |
121 | Prohydrojasmon 1 | 13.23 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 8.9 | 9.3 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 4.8 |
122 | Prohydrojasmon 2 | 12.42 | 12.7 | 9.9 | 10.5 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 10.2 | 15.7 |
123 | propazine | 18.63 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 9.7 | 10.0 | 2.0 |
124 | Pyributikarb | 15.51 | 12.1 | 11.5 | 11.7 | 11.9 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 1.9 |
125 | Pyrifenox 2 | 15.63 | 10.4 | 9.9 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 9.6 | 10.0 | 3.1 |
126 | Quinalphos | 19.16 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.0 | 10.3 | 3.4 |
127 | Tebufenpyrad | 24.05 | 9.0 | 9.8 | 10.0 | 9.8 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 4.1 |
128 | Tolfenpyrad | 14.78 | 9.3 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.7 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 1.7 |
129 | Aldrin | 16.26 | 7.6 | 7.6 | 7.4 | 8.0 | 7.5 | 7.6 | 3.2 |
130 | cis-Chlordane | 14.97 | 8.4 | 7.1 | 9.1 | 9.2 | 7.9 | 8.3 | 10.3 |
131 | Dicofol | 16.78 | 11.9 | 10.8 | 11.5 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 11.3 | 3.6 |
132 | Dieldrin | 17.19 | 10.6 | 9.4 | 10.7 | 11.0 | 9.7 | 10.3 | 6.8 |
133 | Endrin | 14.07 | 11.3 | 11.4 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 11.2 | 10.6 | 9.7 |
134 | Heptaklor | 16.02 | 7.3 | 6.9 | 8.0 | 8.3 | 7.1 | 7.5 | 7.9 |
135 | trans-Chlordane | 14.40 | 9.2 | 10.1 | 9.9 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.7 | 3.5 |
136 | 1-Naphthylacetamide | 15.87 | 11.6 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 10.1 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 5.7 |
137 | Bromophos etil | 16.80 | 8.8 | 7.7 | 9.5 | 8.9 | 8.7 | 8.7 | 7.6 |
138 | karboksin | 15.98 | 11.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.5 | 11.1 | 11.2 | 2.3 |
139 | Klorbenside | 16.42 | 9.2 | 9.6 | 9.4 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 9.3 | 2.0 |
140 | Chlorofenson | 24.99 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 8.2 | 8.0 | 5.1 |
141 | clomazone | 12.47 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.8 | 8.9 | 8.6 | 8.8 | 1.2 |
142 | Disulfoton | 12.98 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 8.7 | 9.1 | 7.3 |
143 | Epoxiconazole | 18.61 | 10.6 | 10.4 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 1.6 |
144 | Etafumesate | 14.37 | 9.8 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 2.3 |
145 | Fenamidone | 19.17 | 10.3 | 10.4 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 2.7 |
146 | Flutriafol | 16.28 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 10.6 | 2.9 |
147 | Isazophos | 12.96 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 9.2 | 9.4 | 5.2 |
Adakah anda seorang profesional perubatan atau kakitangan yang terlibat dalam penjagaan perubatan?
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